Timeline of Drug Law v. Science

~4.2 Galast universal oxygen ancestor

~1.8 Gaorigins of apoptosis contemporaneous with mitochondrial domestication

~600+ MYAfirst Bilaterian origins of FoxP

~540 MYAfirst sentience, early Cambrian

~518 MYAolfactores, first nostrils

~500 MYAdivergent FoxP 1-4 in vertebrates only

485–445 MYAemergence of jawed vertebrates

~450 MYA+rhodopsin GPR119 in fugu

>=407 MYAacoustic modern comms in choanates

400000–300000 BPmodern FoxP2 gene predates Neanderthal-human common ancestor

315 MYAdivergence of phylogenetic ancestors

~115 MYAGondwanagarites magnificus

~67 MYArise of Psilocybe

~66 MYAdinosaurs' demise

~65800 BPSulawesi rock art with hand stencil

~64000 BPNeanderthal nonfigurative art

56-48 MYAGermany: oldest cannabis fossil

44000 BPLebombo bone

43000-34000 BPgeometric symbols of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian technocomplex

40–9 MYAbiosynthesis of psilocybin

34–63.8 MYAcannabis evolved

27–25 MYAdivergence of hop and cannabis

~12800 BPYounger Dryas

~10000 BPdivergent breeding for hemp vs. psychoactive use

~4.2 MYAexpansion of the neocortex

~2.6 MYAKenya: earliest stone tools

~2.6 MYAPaleolithic high meat diet

1–0.8 MYAfire

~0.4 MYAfire tools in Suffolk

~300 kya BPIrhoud 3 modern hominid life pattern

~11000 BCEearly agrarian diet

~10000 BCEChina: early Neolithic hemp cultivation

~7000-5000 BCEAlgeria: Tassili ethmycological Neolithic petroglyphs

~7000 BCEearliest known fermented drink Jiahu

~6000 BCEfood use of cannabis seeds

~5767 BCEspike in cannabis pollen at Durchenbergried

~5700+ BCERio Grande, Texas: mescaline use

5260 BCEDispillo tablet

3500–3000 BCEearliest unambiguous numerical notation is sexagesimal

3400 BCEMesopotamia: logosyllabic text

3200 BCEfirst wheeled carts

2727 BCEfirst recorded medicinal use of cannabis

~2700 BCEShen Nung lists cannabis in pharmacopoeia

Sumeria: Instructions of Šuruppak offer various warnings concerning beer2600–2500 BCE

alcohol tax of Emperor Yu2205–2198 BCE

~2130 BCEhallucinogen use Inca Cueva

Code of Ur-Nammu does not mention drugs~2100–2050 BCE

>2000 BCEdrugs essential to worship Shamash (Utu) and Marduk

No drug fines in Code of Lipit-Ishtar~1934–24 BCE

~1850 BCEalphabet

1800-1600 BCESumeria: positional numerical system

...or the Code of Hammurabi~1758 BCE

~1700 BCEPapyrus Ebers describes cannabis eyewash

Greece: death for broadcasting secrets~1600 BCE

~1300 BCEChester Beatty VI Medical Papyrus describes cannabis as anti-inflammatory ointment

Ramesses II and King Hattusili III sign Treaty of Kadesh1269 BCE

~1200–800 BCEBerlin Papyrus describes cannabis

~1200–300 BCEIndia: cannabis one of the five sacred plants used medicinally and ritually

~900–100 BCEcannabis use an everyday activity by the Scythians

Hezekiah incensed about false gods~700~700 BCE

~700 BCEKing Assur-banipal tablets describe medicinal cannabis

religious cleanup by Josiah reignca. 649–609 BCE

resurgence of polytheismafter 609 BCE

Jeremiah not hearkened to~600 BCE

Solon's less draconian laws~574 BCE

~500–450 BCEprimitive theory of homeostasis, brain is the seat of understanding

~500–100 BCEHemp spreads throughout northern Europe

~484–430 BCEHerodotus

before 375 BCEPlato drinks kykeon

~350 BCEAristotle formalises valid vs. invalid syllogisms

330-30 BCEEgypt: psychotropics in Bes vases from Ptolemaic period

~300–200 BCEScythian cannabis seeds at Pazyryk

~300 BCEfirst description of the pancreas by Herophilus of Chalcedon

Greek Septuagint finished132 BCE

~100 BCEfirst illustrated herbal

Cicero begins De Legibus52 BCE

alcohol and violence in Athenian law court5th/4th BCE

Hippocratic Corpusmostly late 5th to mid 4th century BCE

0 — in one popular dating system

1 ADPen Ts'ao Ching

50-70 ADdoctrine of signatures

~70 ADPedanius Dioscorides describes dual use of Kannabis Emeros" in De Materia Medica

79 ADPliny the Elder describes medicinal and veterinary cannabis uses

200 ADVienna Papyrus: cannabis antitumorigenic, for earache, fever

200 ADtherapeutic properties of cannabis described in Chinese pharmacopoeia

221 ADcreation dated to 5499 BC

before 343 AD"yellow soup" of Ge Hong

skepticism falls out of fashion386–569 AD

Theodosius I ends Eleusinian Mysteries392 AD

~850 ADMAO inhibitors enhance psychedelics at Quilcapampa

1011–1021Ibn al-Haytham theory of vision

1345first London apothecary

Arabia: earliest attested ban on cannabis1378

England: Grocers' Company's right to garble1456

periodic wars on xanthines1511-1784

1542cannabis described in Europe by Fusch in Nomenclaturae plantarum omnium

1551brown adipose tissue observed

British East India Company from 1600–1874from 1600-1874

1604plague: conflation of medical and spiritual remedies

Murad IV: death penalty for smoking tobacco1620

England: Statute of Monopolies1624

1656first intravenous injection and anaesthesia (dog)

1658stroke hypothesis

1670sAnton van Leeuwenhoek discovers microbes are everywhere

1674–5Malebranche's infinite embryos

Massachusetts: spectral evidence abandoned1693

England: first medicine patent1698

1713–44Law of Large Numbers proved

1735Linnaeus invents scientific racism

1741-44Swedenborg identifies CSF

1748Hume on induction

~1758cholesterol isolated

1759epigenesis unfriends preformationism

1769Paul's 1738 and Arkwright's 1769/1775 patents

Madagascar: death penalty for cannabis1787

United States: first patent 31 July1790

Denmark: chattel slavery abolished 16 March1792

1800synovium defined

1800 and 1804glioma observed

1804–8atomic theory unfriends preformationism

UK: slave trade abolished 23 February1807

1807-1948bits from Jacquard to Shannon

Saratoga, New York: first temperance society1808

~1815diabetics excrete glucose in urine

1827human ovum observed

1830-1850Queletet Index

1836pepsin recognized

first Opium War1839–42

~1839first clinical trials of cannabis

~1842apoptosis discovered

1844Virchow shows green pigment (later MPO) in white blood cells

Farmacopea Mexicana includes cannabis from its 1st ed.1846

Bastiat's theory of plunder1850

Cannabis medicines enter US Pharmacopeia 3rd ed.1851

1855Bibra publishes Die narkotischen Genußmittel und der Mensch

second Opium War1856–60

1857mitochondria discovered

1858Omnis cellula e cellula

1858Grubelnsucht

1865concept of milieu interieur

1865first comprehensive histopathology of gliomas

Burlingame US-China Treaty1868

1868"nuclein" (later MPO) isolated

1869discovery of pancreatic β-cells

1869"unimportant" DNA discovered

Natal: Coolie Law Consolidation outlawed use or possession of the hemp plant specifically by Indian laborers1870

1871Mantegazza publishes Quadri della natura umana: Feste ed ebbrezze

1873laws of electrodynamics

1874heroin

1875vitelline membrane in sea urchins

1877Zwangsvorstellung

1879platelet alpha granules

Calif.: first attempt at anti-cannabis legislation1880

1880sphagocytosis

backlash by food adulterating industries1880s

90% of American honey is fake1881

bans on salicylic acid in French wine, German beer1881

USA: opium use restricted to "dens"1882

1882Ringelmann effect

1884Freud makes cocaine fashionable

1884discovery of macrophages

1886pancreatomized dogs develop diabetes

British Pharmacopoeia includes cannabis medicines1888

1889cannabis a substitute for opiates

1890Reynolds lauds cannabis

1890-4Cajal's cerebral gymnastics hypothesis

1890description of "bioblasts"

Report of Indian Hemp Drugs Commission1894

1896discovery of cannabinol (CBN)

1896...and 1942first cannabis terpenes isolated

1897Caenorhabditis elegans

1897-1940glycolysis elucidated

1898mescaline identified and named

1898-1935viruses are not "alive"

1899Bifidobacterium isolated

1899Cajal's Neuron Doctrine

1900Pearson's chi square test and p

1900early studies of ethanol embryopathology

1900-11etiology of beri-beri

1901-6Wassermann test for syphilis

1902birth of psychoanalysis

1902Wiley's USDA Poison Squad

1902secretin excites the pancreas

1902–2009the modern synthesis

1903cocaine removed from Coca Cola

1904-38Gosset on statistical significance

Cape Colony Law regulates dagga merely as a pharmaceutical1905

1905Earth is over 1 billion years old

1905Binet-Simon scale

US Pure Food and Drug Act1906

1906Alzheimer's Disease 1901–06

FDA formed30 Jun 1906

1906first double-blind study

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair1906

1907pharmacopoeia recommends cannabis for hysteria, headaches, summer diarrhea, anorexia, rheumatism, gout, mental depression, delirium tremens, uterine hemorrhage, and insanity

1907angiogenesis observed in tumours

1908protostome/deuterostome

SFPD: one ER treatment for Indian hemp in 6y1909

1909genes, genotypes and phenotypes

thirteen go to Shanghai1909

1909linoleic acid characterised

Cola syrup tried for caffeine, no cocaine1909-16

1909identification of arachidonic acid

1910

New England Watch & Ward seeks new vices1910

1910Flexner report

1910arsphenamine, the first "magic bullet"

1910discovery of thiamine (vitamin B1) goes largely unnoticed

1910dopamine identified as an intermediary

Massachusetts first state to ban cannabis1911

1911idea of vitamins proposed by Funk

1911Bleuler publishes description of schizophrenia

First International Opium Convention1912

1912Goddard adds "moron" to classification system

McCreesh and Robinson: the great divide1912

19121st International Eugenics Conference

1912scientific opposition to the concept of isotopy

1912x-ray crystallography

1912-26heat production of nerve

CA: Hindoos, loco weed restricted to corns, legal conflation, misworded s8a Harrison Act10 Aug 1913

1913first genetic map

CA: 1.85m cannabis arrests1913-99

1913vitamin A needed for growth/to prevent xeropthalmia

1913all dagga-smoking women are prostitutes

1913-25influence of light on rickets

USA heroin/cocaine tax: Harrison Narcotics Act1914

1914Notch observed in drosophila

Goddard introduces The Criminal Imbecile1915

AMA resolves alcohol has no medical uses1916

1916hemp pulp paper process

1916–1922dietary effect in cholesterol

1917Schlichten's decorticating machine patented

1918Fisher analysis of variance method (ANOVA)

US v. Doremus and Webb et al.3 Mar 1919

1919synthesis of mescaline

USA does not join the League of Nations1919

1919characterisation of oligodendrocytes

1919-22sunlight/UV cures rickets

1919proton observed

1920

peak British Empire1920

1920neutron predicted

UK: Dangerous Drugs Act criminalises addiction1920

1920vitamin nomenclature: A, B, and C

US federal alcohol prohibition1920–1933

late 1920scollapse of vitalism

Campbell-Willis "beer emergency" hits medical beer1921

1921discovery of insulin

South Africa: Customs and Excise Duties Amendment Act1922

1922first human insulin injection

1922USPHS warns against using tetraethyl lead

192273 chemical elements known

1922the "discovery" of isotopes

1922vitamin D cures rickets

1922vitamins B2, E

1922Bondelswarts see first aeroplane

South Africa enacts Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Act1 Feb 1923

1923Karl Wessel's continuous decorticating/carding process patent granted

Smuts writes to the League of Nations28 Nov 1923/24 Apr 1924

1923glucagon discovered

Second International Opium Convention1924–5

1924vitalism unfriends preformationism

Rum War1924–1936

1924Sajou's Analytic Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine lists cannabis for 57 medical indications

1924first planned obsolescence: peak light bulb life

"the greatest protagonist of the white race"1925

1925R A Fisher calculates p in a wide variety of situations

IOC Treaty signed19 Feb 1925

1925ultracentrifuge

1925lipids form bi-molecular layers

1925-86vitamin D mediates Ca/P uptake

Germany a League of Nations member1926–1933

1926homeostasis coined

1926glioblastoma multiforme

1926second amalgam war

1926thiamine isolated and crystallized

1926neural crest dismantles germ layer theory

1926first inkling of hormone-sensitive lipase

1926endosymbiosis in evolutionary biology proposed

1927Trevan devises LD50 test

1927Earth is 1.6 to 3 billion years old

1927Pavlov shows memory extinction

1928Ak strain transforming

1928penicillin

1928cholecystokinin

1928first use of "redox"

1928Entscheidungsproblem

1928horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

first anti-drug law passed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes27 Jan 1929

1929high density lipoprotein

Kingdom of Yugoslavia ratifies IOC 4 Sept1929

1929linoleic acid characterised

1929discovery of ATP

1929vitamin K

1929discovery of electroencephalography

1929incretin coined

1929/1930essential fatty acids identified

1929-31Godel's theorems

1930

first anti-drug law enters into force1 Jan 1930

1930electrophoresis

USA: Louis Armstrong arrested for possession1930

1930discovery of c-reactive protein

USA circus promoter and weed foe Courtney Ryley Cooper rebrands the FBIfrom 1930

1930France: first recorded use of mescaline in a psychiatric context

1930linoleic acid stimulated growth and prevented essential fatty acid deficiency despite a fat free diet

1930position effect variegation

1930benzopyrene isolated from coal tar

1931insulin resistance

1931macropinocytosis

1931NaF does not inhibit O2 uptake in the presence of insulin lactate

1931vitamins B7, B9, C

1931type 535-A electron oscillograph

1931-33discovery, fusion using, and manufacture of purified deuterium oxide

British Pharmacopoeia removes cannabis medicines1932

1932Wilks creates multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

1932first recorded nerve impulses from single optic nerve fibers

1932vitamin D2 identified

1932neutron detected experimentally

USA: Hearst media smear campaign against Mexican migrants1933

1933Neyman-Pearson lemma of uniformly most powerful test

Virginia: state's first law on loco weedMar 1934

1934first evidence of protein structure: X-ray crystallography photo of pepsin

1934vitamin B6

Cannabis reviewed by League of Nations1935

1935R A Fisher's tea tasting lady

J Edgar Hoover "assists" Hollywoodfrom 1935

1935x-ray photo of single insulin crystal

28 February 1935nylon

1935prostaglandins discovered

1935caloric restriction promotes longevity in rats

1935-37algorithm defined/Turing machine/Turing's proof

1935-19787-dehydrocholesterol+UV makes vitamin D

1935-40tracing of deuterated fats and cholesterol reveal dynamic metabolic flux

1936insulin resistance confirmed

1936structure of thiamine

1936etymology of cannabis

Ireland: cannabis illegal 1 April1 Apr 1937

1937mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

US Marijuana Tax Act1937

1937x-ray photo of a single insulin crystal

1937blood storage record 10 days, first blood bank 1937

1937-3832P radiotracing in phospholipids

1937vitamins B3, B5, D3

1938linoleic acid essential for arachidonic acid synthesis

1938neutron therapy

1938"telomeres" coined by Hermann Müller

1938leukotrienes discovered

1938first mass-produced commercially available electron microscope

1938haemocuprin (later SOD) discovered

1938LSD synthesised

1938first Drunkometer

1939voltage in squid axons overshoots

1939discovery of saltatory conduction

1939transplanted tumours grow blood vessels

1939Bayes factor formula

1939-40Bayesian revival of Jeffreys/Savage/Lindley/de Finetti's subjectivistic theory of probability

1939-41ATP is the universal carrier of chemical energy in cells

1940

health-centred drug liberalization in Mexico halted by US pharmaceutical blackmail1940

1913-late 1940stwilight of the lipid hypothesis

1940discovery of CBD

1940caloric restriction reduces tumours in mice

1940-62"golden era" of antibiotics

1941nomenclature of "striatum"

1941"Verdoperoxidase" (later MPO) catalyzes oxidative reactions

1941/6α/β-lipoprotein fractions identified in human serum

cannabis removed from US Pharmacopeia 12th ed.1942

1942"epigenetics" coined by Waddington

1943discovery of heparin-activated clearing factor (later LPL)

20 April 1943first intentional LSD trip

1943DNA carries genetic information

1944-47human radiation experiments

1945almost nothing known about the biosynthesis of any of the major types of cell constituents

1945structure of cholesterol

1945first artificially fluoridated people

1947Delysid for various psychiatric uses

1947tolerance to LSD

1948first identified cell modulator 5-methyltryptamine

1948lateral inhibition in Limulus

1948first epigenetic modulator 5-methylcytosine

1948Lupus Erythemarosus, the first autoimmune cell identified

1948transposons

1948-51enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation are mitochondria

1949ultracentrifuging reveals low-density lipoproteins

1949lateral inhibition in Limulus

1950

CIA experiments on prisoners and unsuspecting citizens seek military uses of LSD without much success, but accidentally ignite counterculture1950–67

1950Blueler's 1911 monograph appears in English

1950C G Jung postulates psychic epidemics

1950sAnglosphere compromises on OCD

USA: marijuana "becomes" a narcotic Boggs Act2 Nov 1951

1951HeLa cell line, no consent

1951synthesis of oxytocin

1951first low-fat/cholesterol cookbook

1951isoniazid made from leftover V2 rocket fuel

1951complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin B

1951-60nerve growth factor

1952dopamine named

1952A-0 system

1952complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin A

1952-3thin-section high resolution electron micrographs show mitochondrial ultrastructure

1952DNA heredity skeptics defeated

1953evolutionary significance of interspecies comparisons of protein sequences, "molecularization"

1953AA is derived from EFAs

1953structure of DNA

1953Miller-Urey experiment

1953structure of oxytocin

1954myelin spirals from Schwann cell

1954first practical breathalyser

1955FDA approves Ritalin

1955"rum fits": unethical delirium tremens experiments

1955first human insulin radioassay

1955heparin-activated clearing factor renamed to lipoprotein lipase

USA: Boggs Act penalties increased under the Narcotics Control Act1956

1956"antipsychotic"

1956Earth/meteorites 4.55 billion years old

1956lateral inhibition

1956-60beef heart mitochondria: respiratory chain, oxidative phsphorylation, ubiquinone, nonheme iron, metalloflavoproteins as redox carriers, electron-transport complexes

19573-hour oral glucose tolerance test

1957dopamine a neurotransmitter

1957first of many interferons

1957Waddington's epigenetic landscape

1958Hartline-Ratliff equations

1958isolation and synthesis of psilocybin

1958Spinco Model 120 automatic-linked amino acid analyser

1959tereacycline resistant Shigella

1959first use of psilocybin in OCD

1959CBDA is an antibiotic

1959Goddard's Kallikak pedigrees in medical textbooks

1960

California: 5155 cannabis arrestsin 1960

1950-mid 1960sover 1000 clinical reports on psychedelics

1837 prohibition on sales of alcohol to indigenous Australians is repealedlate 1960s

1960glucagon stimulates insulin secretion in humans

1960mitochondrial ATPase a coupling factor

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs30 Mar 1961

1961Anfinsen's dogma

1961cellular senescence

1961early research on psychedelics and recidivism 1961-3

1961electron microscopy of myoblasts

1961electron transport chain hypothesis

1961-64brown fat is thermogenic 1961-4

USA: Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments to Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act following Thalidomide; most applications to research psychedelics denied1962

19623T3-L1 cells

1962Cohen on Type II errors: everyone is underpowered

1962nictitating membrane response as a neuroscience model

1962epidermal growth factor

1962oligodendrocytes secrete myelin growth factor

1962Gurdon: cellular differentiation is reversible

1962-65Altman proposes adult neurogenesis

1962-83adult neurogenesis unfashionable

CA: 21931 cannabis arrests1963–5

1963microtubules, known since late 1950s, named

1963HSL better understood

1963crystalline inclusions seen in alcoholic mitochondria

1963transcription-translation coupling

1963electron microscopy of neurofibrillary tangles

1963mitochondrial DNA discovered

1963Operational Taxonomic Unit

1963hematopoietic stem cells

1963structure of cannabinoid cells

1963crystalline inclusions seen in alcoholic mitochondria

1963-72search for 1α,25-(OH)2D3

Helsinki Declaration1964

1964arachidonic acid is a prostaglandin precursor

SCND enters into force1964

1964ATP synthase seen via given LSD microscopy

1964RAS identified

1964Vane superfusion cascade

1964rapamycin isolated

1964analgesia and non-western attitudes to death in terminal patients given LSD

1964Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol isolated

1964ATP synthase seen via microscopy

1964structure and synthesis of cannabigerol (CBG)

Drug Abuse and Control Amendments ban unlicensed manufacture or sale of LSD1965

1965"probiotics" coined

1965complementarity THC and CBD synthesised

1965coronavirus isolated

1965first commercial scanning electron microscope

1965IFN-γ described

Sandoz shuts down last legal source of LSD but possession is still legal1966

1966LSD users find purpose in life

1966deuterated chloroform the standard solvent in 1H NMR, the D2O shake routine, by mid-1960s

1966discovery of mitochondrial anion translocators

1966HOCl is the mechanism by which #eroxidase (MPO) destroys bacteria and fungi

zero deaths, overdoses or arrests at Monterey Pop1967

1967mitochondria were bacteria once 25-30 MYA

government-propelled acid scare stories~1967

1967estrogen receptor identified

release of Yoder "report" by AP13 Jan 1968

1968protein kinase A discovered

United States: LSD Schedule 124 Oct 1968

1968midbrain raphe is sensitive to LSD

1969G-proteins/signal transduction

1969SOD an enzyme

1969"Relationship between fatty acid composition and the function of the brown fat has not been defined"

1969liver converts D3 to enzyme-D3

1970

USA: cannabis made CSA schedule I27 Oct 1970

1970Bouma's Law

USA: mandatory minimum sentences mostly repealed1970

before 1970acyl-CoA synthase not much understood

USA: NORML founded1970

Nixon declares "War on Cancer"1971

1971discovery of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)

Protocol to the 1961 SCND21 Feb 1971

1971GIP is the gastric inhibitory polypeptide

UK: Misuse of Drugs Act27 May 1971

1971glial fibrillary acidic protein discovered

1971insulin receptor defined

1971myofibroblasts

1971modern field of angiogenesis

1971tumour growth is angiogenesis dependent

Slovenia stops alcohol sales between 4-7 a.m.24 Nov 1972

1972apoptosis christened, triggered by cancer therapies

19723D structure of insulin

1972amino acid sequences of pepsin and pepsinogens

1972binding of mu opioid receptor

MK-ULTRA records 1953–67 destroyed31 Jan 1973

1973CD36 is a platelet integral membrane glycoprotein (glycoprotein IV)

1973INMT identified

1973LDL receptor

1973SH-SY5Y cloned

1973dendritic cells identified

1973FAS diagnosis invented

1973-79evidence for electron transport-linked proton pumps

CA: 103,097 cannabis arrestsin 1974

1974PGG2 and PGH2 identified, cyclooxygenase named (as a process)

Alaska: cannabis legal on privacy grounds1975–90

1975first PET scanner

1975tumor necrosis factor alpha discovered

1975-76antimicrobial MICs for THC/CBD

US: following the accidental first discovery of THC's antineoplastic properties, Gerald Ford defunds all public cannabis research1976

1976cyclooxygenase discovered

19767th century "Tantric Cannabis Use" published

1976Lempel-Ziv complexity presented

1976prostacyclin

USA: Psychotropic Substances Act amends CSA, establishes framework to influence drug scheduling at the international level10 Nov 1978

1978MRI

Yugoslavia: ZPPM enters into force21 Oct 1978

1978UCP1 discovered

1978GIP stimulates secretion of glucagon

1979nictitating membrane response one third faster in tripping rabbits

1979p53 discovered

1979structure of, renaming SRS-A to leukotrienes

1979discovery of first sirtuin gene

1979social loafing

1980

1980monocytes cross the vessel wall in cholesterol-fed animals

1980PSA a cancer marker

1980actual G-protein purified

early 1980snonylacridine orange to measure mitochondrial mass

prosecutions surge as Nancy Reagan's astrologer Joan Quigley eggs on "just say no" campaign1981-89

1981pluripotent stem cells

1981shotgun sequencing

1981ubiquitination

1981TGF-β identified

1982brain derived neurotrophic factor

1982CD nomenclature

1982interleukin-4 identified

1982neuropeptide Y

1983-86granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

1984adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein

1984lipoxins LXA4 and LXB4 identified

1984IL1-alpha and -beta distinguished

1984telomerase discovered

India bans cannabis flowers but not leaves1985

1985B-cell lymphoma 2 identified

1985IL-4 cloned

1985CXCL10 identified, originally called IP-10

1985MPO gene cloned

1985-6sequencing of Notch

DEA authorizes reschedule of synthetic THC from Schedule I to II DEA 51 FR 17476-7813 May 1986

1986discovery of GLP-1

1986isolation of interleukin-1

1986molecular cloning of interleukin-6

1986pyroptosis

1986telomerase

1987first sequence of a G-protein-coupled receptor

1987GLP-1 is a physiological incretin in humans

Convention Against Illicit Traffic1988

1988CB1 receptor

1988earliest mention of FLSs on PubMed

Hungary: deactivation of S-1001 May 1989

1989Cohen's d benchmarks established

1989microtubule hypothesis of AD

1989mitochondrial transcription factors 1 and 2

1990

1990CB1 receptor and receptor gene CNR1 cloned

1990first fMRI

1990nestin gene described

1990ID1 protein identified

late 1990send of late 60s to late 90s de facto ban on psychedelic research

Convention on Psychotropic Substances29 Apr 1991

1991amyloid hypothesis proposed

Slovenia independence25 June 1991

1991isolation of neural progenitor and stem cells from adult mouse striatum

1991perilipin on adipocyte lipid droplets

1992INS-1 rat insulinoma cell line

1992anandamide first described and named

1992FAAH hydrolyzes anandamide

1992THC inhibits TNF-α in human and mouse macrophages

1993adipocyte tissue is an endocrine organ

1993the "endocannabinoidome" coined

1993CB2 receptor identified

1993discovery of NACP, aka alpha-synuclein

1993micro-RNA is essential to evolution

Slovenia ratifies ECHR8 June 1994

1994intravenous DMT trials

1994isolation of genes encoding GCPR1, 2, and 3

1994peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

1994leptin discovered

1994mTOR is the target of rapamycin in mammals

1994MPO byproducts are concentrated in atherosclerotic lesions

19952-AG discovered

1995discovery of T-regulatory cells

1995leptin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet

1995HCC1806 squamous cell line

Alabama AG endorses death penalty for marijuana "trafficking"1996

1996Chemokine receptor pathway CXCR3 discovered

1996Smad signal pathway identified

1996MitoTracker green to measure mitochondrial mass

1996thioredoxin-interacting protein

1996putative human hyaluronan synthase

1996AEA is phospholipid pathway-dependent

1996cloning of FAAH

late 1990sECS established as a dual-ligand system by 2-AG receptor binding studies

Poland: cannabis possession becomes a crime1997

1997cloning of hTERT

1997cloning of TRPV1

1997GPR18 discovered

1997audioradiography of CBR distribution in brains

1997unicellular eukaryotic apoptosis

1998C. elegans the first complete multicellular genome

1998"entourage effect" coined

1998DKK-1

1998RNA interference, telomerase extends the lifespan of cells

1998human adult neurogenesis confirmed

19983D structure of tubulin

1998anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation

1998cloning of PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha

1998RNA interference

US Government patents cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants19 Apr 1999

1999TRPV1 activated by endocannabinoids

DEA reschedules synthetic THC from II to III1999

1999CB1R is a 2-AG receptor

Slovenia: ZPPPD adopted14 Dec 1999

1999THC and linalool synergistically reduce PTZ seizure severity

1999first FAAH knockout mice: no tolerance to analgesia

1999t-loops

2000

ZPPPD enters into force11 Jan 2000

2000role of PPARs in autoimmunity

2001draft sequence of human genome

2001CB1R inhibits post-synaptic glutamate

2001resistin connects obesity and T2D

Philippines: death sentence for >500g cannabisJuly 2002

2002HTC-3 is directly modulated by the ECS

2002NMDA receptors are mobile

2002three-dimensional structure of pepsin

2003efferocytosis

2003ferroptosis identified

2003GPR-119 discovered

2003key role of FoxO1 in insulin resistance, obesity

2003CB receptors predate chordate

2003obesity associated with cancer death rate

2004cannabis induces apoptosis in dendritic cells

2004TRPA1 chili, wasabi, and THC receptor identified

2005HU210 and AEA promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis

2005astrogliosis "rather enigmatic"

2005GlyRs directly modulated by ECS

2005PPARs directly activated by ECS

2005real time microgliosis observed under physiological conditions

2005T-helper-17 cells identified

2005THC reduces progression of atherosclerosis

2006induced pluripotent stem cells

2006discovery of arachidonoyl L-serine

2006discovery of nesfatin-1

2006end of Iletin II

2006GPR-18 and GPR-119 activated by endocannabinoids

2006GPR-55 activated by ECS

2006molecular events/external stimuli controlling adipogenesis unknown

2006-7Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc

Mauritania enforces 1981 ban on slavery2007

2007crystal structure of β2 andrenergic receptor

200712,13-diHOME identified in mice

2007-12HMP characterisation of the gut microbiome

2007Human Microbiome Project established

2007myeloid-derived myeloid-derived suppressor cells

2007G*Power 3

2008beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid

2008opposing actions of CBs and ethanol on GABA release via PKA

2008term "lipokine" coined

UK "reclassifies" cannabis, maximum for possession now 5 yearsJan 2009

2009first 3D organoid from a single adult stem cell

2010

2010THC mobilises MDSCs

20112-AG acts on GABAA

2011discovery of sesquicannabigerol (sesqui-CBG)

2011neuronal loss via GABAergic neurons in Cnr1-/- mice

2011action mode network

2011fecal transplants control impulsivity in mice

Canada lifts ban on shipping wine across provincial borders2012

2012CBD promotes SIRT1 mediated longevity

2012glymphatic system recognised

2012NIH publishes reference human microbiome

2012Alzheimer's transferred from human to rat via microbiota

2013amplicon sequence variants improve on OTUs

2013birth of "cannabis use disorder"

2013brain organoids

2013first investigation of endocannabinoids in CSF

2013nine biological markers of aging

2013PTSD patients long on CBRs, short on ECs

Slovenia: cannabis available on prescription2014

2014CBD sebostatic

2014shoulder dystocia "enigmatic"

2014ferroptosis is centred on GPX4

2014CB1R links hunger and increased smell perception in the brain

2015toxicological threshold of THC 114x > alcohol using MOE

2015fatty-acid-binding proteins are intracellular carriers for CBD and THC

2015ECS involved in "runner's high"

2015first research linking psychedelics and glycemic control

Leipzig, Germany: court grants first patient right to grow (for MS)6 Apr 2016

2016leptin:ghrelin and acyl:desacyl ghrelin ratios in obesity

2016at least 113 phytogenic cannabinoids identified

2016-20LDL-C hypothesis is broken

Poland: medical cannabis legalised2017

2017hyposmia, parosmia and phantosmia defined

Slovenia cannabis moved from Group I to II8 Apr 2017

2017VEGF an antiangiogenic drug target in a dozen sites

2017Δ9-THC restores cognitive function in old mice

Canada: recreational cannabis legal17 Oct 2018

2018diabetes markers and the DMN

2018-23end of learned vocalization evolutionary convergence hypothesis

2018term "ontological shock" appears

Canada deregulates cannabis retail, edibles17 Oct 2019

2019germ cell pattern of ECS expression, CB2R presence in human spermatogonia

2020

Slovenia: foreigner plundered28 Sep 2020

2020cannabis at Tel Arad

Slovenia: Ptuj ODT discovers ECS29 Oct 2020

2020THC attenuates threat-related corticolimbic activity

UNODC realises weed isn't heroin2 Dec 2020

2020Yale: happiness a "positive side effect" of cannabis

LSD decriminalised in Oregon, psilocybin in DC2020

2020CBD sebostasis is via GPR-119

2020-presentrole of ECS and CaPs in Covid

death penalty possible for cannabis in USA/China/Malaysia/Singapore/Iran/Saudi Arabia/Egypt + "other Middle East, African, and Asian countries"2021

2021CD68+ plaque area correlated with microbiome

Morocco legalises production for medical useMarch 2021

2021cryptochrome 4 is magnetically sensitive in robins

cannabis removed from SCND Sch. IV21 Apr 2021

2021doubts about deuterostome clade

New York State legalises adult cannabis March2021

2021400 known terpenes in cannabis

2021~19 more microbiome genes/unit of BMI reduced

Thailand: "medical" cannabis legal with neon signsMarch 2022

2022over 180 known phytocannabinoids

Missouri voters approve recreational marijuanaNov 2022

2022RM and MM laws hit pharma stock values

Missouri: recreational sales commenceFeb 2023

2023GIP lowers body weight and food intake via GABAergic GIPR neurons

Hong Kong criminalizes CBD: possession HK$1m+7 years and manufacture/import life imprisonment2023

2023Alzheimer's transferred resolution from human to rat via microbiota

Australia reschedules psilocybin and MDMA for PTSD and depression1 Jul 2023

2023apoptotic factors are evolutionarily conserved since mitochondrial domestication

Morocco: 55,000 ha cultivated illegally in 2019 vs. 27,000 ha cultivated legally in 2023/42023

2023astrogliosis "rather enigmatic"

2023twelve biological markers of aging

2023direct effect of AEA in inflammation resolution pathways in macrophages

2023GlyRs directly modulated by ECS

2023PPARs directly activated by ECS

2023real time microgliosis observed under physiological conditions

2023T-helper-17 cells identified

2023THC reduces progression of atherosclerosis

2023THC stimulates glycolysis in only unprimed embryonic stem cells

2023twelve biological markers of aging

Germany legalises home cannabis cultivation1 Apr 2024

2023Human Pangenome Project to sequence 350 complete individuals

South Africa: legalisation lite28 May 2024

202419% less cognitive decline in lifetime cannabis users

Manitoba: homegrow ban repealed in Manitoba3 Jun 2024

2024arachidonic acid-derived diols impact ASD symptom severity

Brazil: Supreme Court showdown with the executive over decriminalisation25 Jun 2024

2024cannabis prevents oxidation of LDL via TRPV1, TRPV4 and GPR-55

2024pro-cognitive and anti-aging effects of THC are via mTOR

2024psychedelic use induces sympathovagal coactivation

2024Uganda: sick chimpanzees successfully self-medicate

2024Lesotho: first documented traditional use of psilocybin in Africa

New York: bill to decriminalise all possession2025

2025"researchers discover" psychedelics users find more meaning in life

Colombia: President calls for cannabis legalisation2025

2025antibiotic resistant microbes are everywhere

Colorado: first psilocybin business licencesFeb 2025

2025astrocytic CB1R dampens stress-induced BBB alterations

Colorado: mass pardons for psilocybin/psilocin2025

202579 polyphenols in cannabis

Czechia: cannabis legalisation announced30 May 2025

New Zealand: first prescribed psilocybinJune 2025

2025CBD, CBG, and CBN block Nav1.8

Florida: bans fluoridating people1 Jul 2025

2025hemifusomes mediated by 42-nm proteolipid nanodroplet

Slovenia: cannabis can now theoretically be prescribed for any condition but not really20 Aug 2025

2025HGP reference set reaches ~500 genomes mid-2025

Spain: hospital specialists can prescribe weedOct 2025

2025NAD-dependent amyloid and tau aging is reversible

USA: psychedelics bills in nearly 30 states2025

2025psilocybin (psilocin) extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice

2025psychedelics upregulate glycolytic metabolism via FOXP2

2025UK Biobank studies show lifetime cannabis use associated with higher cognitive performance and increased volumes of CB1R-rich brain regions in humans

2025NAD+-dependent amyloid and tau aging is reversible

2025mapping of hematopoiesis

Czechia legalises recreational + cultivation1 Jan 2026

2026Southern Africa: Psilocybe ohraceocentrata is the closest wild relative of P cubensis

Denmark: medical cannabis framework1 Jan 2026

2026massive effect of exogenous cannabinoids on MPO

Massachusetts legalises recreational cannabis1 Jan 2026

2026CBD neuronal repair after TBI is via a SET/PP2A/Akt signaling axis