Timeline of Drug Law v. Science

~4.2 Galast universal oxygen ancestor

~1.8 Gaorigins of apoptosis contemporaneous with mitochondrial domestication

~600+ MYAfirst Bilaterian origins of FoxP

~540 MYAfirst sentience, early Cambrian

~518 MYAolfactores, first nostrils

~500 MYAdivergent FoxP 1-4 in vertebrates only

485–445 MYAemergence of jawed vertebrates

~450 MYA+rhodopsin GPR119 in fugu

>=407 MYAacoustic modern comms in choanates

400000–300000 BPmodern FoxP2 gene predates
Neanderthal-human common ancestor

315 MYAdivergence of phylogenetic ancestors

~115 MYAGondwanagaricites magnificus fossil mushroom

~67 MYArise of Psilocybe

~66 MYAnon-avian dinosaurs' demise

~65800 BPSulawesi rock art with hand stencil

~64000 BPNeanderthal nonfigurative art

56-48 MYAGermany: oldest cannabis fossil

44000 BPLebombo bone tally marks

43000-34000 BPgeometric symbols of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian technocomplex

40–9 MYAbiosynthesis of psilocybin

34–63.8 MYAcannabis genus first evolved

27–25 MYAdivergence of hop and cannabis

23,000-12,000 BCEUkraine, Moravia and Poland: dwellings built from mammoth bones

~12800 BPYounger Dryas cold period

~10000 BPdivergent breeding for hemp vs. psychoactive use

~4.2 MYAexpansion of the neocortex

~2.6 MYAKenya: earliest stone tools

~2.6 MYAPaleolithic high meat diet

1–0.8 MYAcontrolled use of fire

~0.4 MYAfire tools in Suffolk

~300 kya BPIrhoud 3 modern hominid life pattern

~11000 BCEearly agrarian diet

~10000 BCEChina: early Neolithic hemp cultivation

~7000-5000 BCEAlgeria: Tassili ethmycological Neolithic petroglyphs

~7000 BCEearliest known fermented drink Jiahu

~6000 BCEfood use of cannabis seeds

~5767 BCEspike in cannabis pollen at Durchenbergried

~5700+ BCERio Grande, Texas: mescaline use

5260 BCEDispilio tablet with markings

3500–3000 BCEearliest unambiguous numerical
notation is sexagesimal

3400 BCEMesopotamia: logosyllabic text

3200 BCEfirst wheeled carts

2727 BCEfirst recorded medicinal use of cannabis

~2700 BCEShen Nung lists cannabis in pharmacopoeia

Sumeria: Instructions of Šuruppak
offer various warnings concerning beer2600–2500 BCE

alcohol tax of Emperor Yu2205–2198 BCE

~2130 BCEhallucinogen use Inca Cueva

Code of Ur-Nammu does not mention drugs~2100–2050 BCE

>2000 BCEdrugs essential to worship Shamash (Utu) and Marduk

No drug fines in Code of Lipit-Ishtar~1934–24 BCE

~1850 BCEfirst alphabetic script emerges

1800-1600 BCESumeria: positional numerical system

...or the Code of Hammurabi~1758 BCE

~1700 BCEPapyrus Ebers describes cannabis eyewash

Greece: death for broadcasting secrets~1600 BCE

~1300 BCEChester Beatty VI Medical Papyrus describes
cannabis as anti-inflammatory ointment

Ramesses II and King Hattusili III
sign Treaty of Kadesh1269 BCE

~1200–800 BCEBerlin Papyrus describes cannabis

~1200–300 BCEIndia: cannabis one of the five sacred
plants used medicinally and ritually

~900–100 BCEcannabis use an everyday activity by the Scythians

Hezekiah incensed about false gods~700~700 BCE

~700 BCEKing Assur-banipal tablets describe
medicinal cannabis

religious cleanup by Josiah reignca. 649–609 BCE

resurgence of polytheismafter 609 BCE

Jeremiah not hearkened to~600 BCE

Solon's less draconian laws~574 BCE

alcohol and violence in Athenian law court5th/4th BCE

Hippocratic Corpus medical ethics compiledmostly late 5th to
mid 4th century BCE

~500 BCEJirzankal, Central Asia: brazier residues
show nine of ten funerals preferred cannabis

~500–450 BCEprimitive theory of homeostasis, brain is
the seat of understanding

~500–100 BCEHemp spreads throughout northern Europe

~484–430 BCEHerodotus describes Scythian cannabis

before 375 BCEPlato drinks kykeon

~350 BCEAristotle formalises valid vs. invalid syllogisms

330-30 BCEEgypt: psychotropics in Bes vases
from Ptolemaic period

~300–200 BCEScythian cannabis seeds at Pazyryk

~300 BCEfirst description of the pancreas
by Herophilus of Chalcedon

Greek Septuagint finished132 BCE

~100 BCEfirst illustrated herbal

Cicero begins De Legibus52 BCE

0 — in one popular dating system

1 ADPen Ts'ao Ching

50-70 ADdoctrine of signatures

~70 ADPedanius Dioscorides describes dual use
of "Kannabis Emeros" in De Materia Medica

79 ADPliny the Elder describes medicinal and
veterinary cannabis uses

200 ADVienna Papyrus: cannabis antitumorigenic,
for earache, fever

200 ADtherapeutic properties of cannabis described in Chinese pharmacopoeia

221 ADcreation dated to 5499 BC

before 343 AD"yellow soup" of Ge Hong

skepticism falls out of fashion386–569 AD

Theodosius I ends Eleusinian Mysteries392 AD

~850 ADMAO inhibitors enhance psychedelics at Quilcapampa

1011–1021Ibn al-Haytham theory of vision

1345first London apothecary

Arabia: earliest attested ban on cannabis1378

England: Grocers' Company's right to garble1456

periodic wars on xanthines1511-1784

1542cannabis described in Europe by Fusch
in Nomenclaturae plantarum omnium

1551brown adipose tissue observed

1582Lonitzer records ergot used
by midwives to hasten childbirth

British East India Companyfrom 1600-1874

1603arsenical plague cakes: Turner-Herring pamphlet war

1604plague: conflation of medical and spiritual remedies

Murad IV: death penalty for smoking tobacco1620

New Spain: Inquisition bans peyote to
prevent heresy, idolatry, and superstition1620

England: Statute of Monopolies1623

1656first intravenous injection and anaesthesia (dog)

1658vascular hypothesis of stroke

1670sAnton van Leeuwenhoek discovers
microbes are everywhere

1672plague's "pestilential steams" blamed on
Dutch cloth trade

1674–5Malebranche's infinite embryos

12-18 Oct 1679Robert Knox credits bhang's anti-emetic
effects with saving him during his escape

18 Dec 1689Robert Hooke delivers lecture to
Royal Society on cannabis

Massachusetts: spectral evidence abandoned1693

England: first medicine patent1698

1710Swift: falsehood flies, truth comes limping after

tea duty raised to fund War of the
Spanish Succession, boosts smuggling1711

1713–44Law of Large Numbers proved

Hovering Act bars vessels under 50 tons
hovering offshore with tea, brandy, silk1718

Smuggling Act: seven years' transportation
for convicted smugglers1721

1735Linnaeus invents scientific racism

Smuggling Act: death for wounding or
arming against a revenue officer1736

1741-44Swedenborg identifies CSF

UK: legal tea imports double,
revenue rises after duty cut1745

Smuggling Act: death for running
contraband; killers of officers gibbeted1746

Hawkhurst Gang tortures and murders Chater
and Galley; ringleaders hanged1747-48

1748Hume on induction

East India Company tea imports reach
4,727,992 lbs (2.14 million kg) a year1750

tea duty raised to fund Seven Years'
War, smuggling resurges1750-1784

tea duty supplies close to a tenth
of UK government revenue18th-19thC

1755German colonists (incl. Baron Kotman)
settle Odžaci, begin hemp cultivation

~1758cholesterol first isolated from gallstones

1759epigenesis unfriends preformationism

1769Paul's 1738 and Arkwright's 1769/1775 patents

UK: smugglers import 4-7.5 million lbs
(1.81-3.40 million kg) tea a year, more than legal tradeby early 1780s

Commutation Act cuts UK tea duty from
119% to 12.5%, ending the smuggling trade1784

Madagascar: death penalty for cannabis1787

United States: first patent31 Jul 1790

Denmark: chattel slavery abolished16 Mar 1792

1800synovium anatomically defined

1800 and 1804glioma first clinically observed

1804–8atomic theory unfriends preformationism

UK: slave trade abolished23 Feb 1807

1807-1948bits from Jacquard to Shannon

1808Stearns: first scientific report
on ergot as a uterotonic

Saratoga, New York: first temperance society1808

~1815diabetics excrete glucose in urine

1824Hosack: ergot should only control
postpartum haemorrhage

1827human ovum observed

China's net silver inflow reverses into
a net outflow as opium imports grow1828

East India Company imports 30 million lbs
(13.6 million kg) of tea to Britain a year1830s

China: $7.3m silver imported against
$48.8m exported, net drain ~$34m for the decade1830s

1830-1850Quetelet Index, precursor to BMI

1836pepsin recognized as enzyme

opium reaches 57% of China's imports;
net silver exports reach $4.5m in FY1835-361837

first Opium War1839–42

~1839first clinical trials of cannabis

Treaty of Nanking: China to pay $27m in
silver dollar indemnities, incl. $6m for
the opium destroyed in 183929 Aug 1842

~1842apoptosis first observed

1844Virchow shows green pigment (later MPO)
in white blood cells

Farmacopea Mexicana
includes cannabis from its 1st ed.1846

Bastiat's theory of plunder1850

Cannabis medicines enter US Pharmacopeia 3rd ed.1851

1855Bibra publishes Die narkotischen
Genußmittel und der Mensch

second Opium War1856–60

1857mitochondria first discovered

1858Omnis cellula e cellula

1858Grubelnsucht term coined

1859term "autophagie" first used

1865concept of milieu interieur

1865first comprehensive histopathology of gliomas

Burlingame US-China Treaty1868

1868"nuclein" (later MPO) isolated

1869discovery of pancreatic β-cells

1869"unimportant" DNA discovered

Natal: Coolie Law Consolidation
outlawed use or possession of the
hemp plant specifically by Indian laborers1870

1871Mantegazza publishes Quadri della natura umana: Feste ed ebbrezze

1873laws of electrodynamics

1874heroin first synthesized

1875vitelline membrane in sea urchins

1877Zwangsvorstellung term coined

1879platelet alpha granules

Calif.: first attempt at anti-cannabis legislation1880

1880sphagocytosis first described

backlash by food adulterating industries1880s

90% of American honey is fake1881

bans on salicylic acid in French wine, German beer1881

USA: opium use restricted to "dens"1882

1882Flemming names and describes mitosis

1882Ringelmann effect first observed

1884Freud makes cocaine fashionable

1884discovery of macrophages

1884cellular "respiratory pigment" identified

1886pancreatomized dogs develop diabetes

British Pharmacopoeia includes cannabis medicines1888

1889cannabis a substitute for opiates

1890Reynolds lauds cannabis

1890-4Cajal's cerebral gymnastics hypothesis

1890description of "bioblasts"

Atlanta Constitution warns coca-cola
breeds "the cocaine habit"1891

1894word "psychoactivity" first recorded, in Mind

Report of Indian Hemp Drugs Commission1894

1895Pearson correlation coefficient

1896discovery of cannabinol (CBN)

1896...and 1942first cannabis terpenes isolated

1897-1940glycolysis pathway progressively elucidated

1898mescaline identified and named

1898term "mitochondrion" coined

1898-1935viruses are not "alive"

1899Bifidobacterium bacteria first isolated

1899Cajal's Neuron Doctrine

1899longevity and heredity correlated statistically for the first time

1899Caenorhabditis elegans first described
(as Rhabditis elegans)

1900Pearson's chi square test and p

1900early studies of ethanol embryopathology

1900-11etiology of beri-beri

1901-6Wassermann test for syphilis

1902birth of psychoanalysis

1902Wiley's USDA Poison Squad

1902secretin excites the pancreas

1902–2009the modern synthesis

1903cocaine removed from Coca Cola

1904-38Gosset on statistical significance

1904Spearman rank correlation

1904minimum lethal dose of arsenic guessed at 130mg

1904-1932radioactive quackery: radium
patent medicines and cosmetics

Cape Colony Law regulates dagga
merely as a pharmaceutical1905

1905Earth is over 1 billion years old

1905Binet-Simon intelligence scale published

US Pure Food and Drug Act1906

1906Alzheimer's Disease 1901–06

radium classified as a natural element, outside the Pure Food and Drug Act, until
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act1906-1938

FDA formally established30 Jun 1906

1906first double-blind study

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair1906

1907Ertl family opens Odžaci rope and cordage factory,
grows to 880 workers by 1929

1907pharmacopoeia recommends cannabis for
hysteria, headaches, summer diarrhea, anorexia, rheumatism, gout, mental depression, delirium tremens, uterine hemorrhage, and insanity

1907angiogenesis observed in tumours

1908protostome/deuterostome distinction established

SFPD: one ER treatment for Indian hemp in 6y1909

1909genes, genotypes and phenotypes

thirteen go to Shanghai1909

1909linoleic acid characterised

Cola syrup tried for caffeine, no cocaine1909-16

1909identification of arachidonic acid

1910

New England Watch & Ward seeks new vices1910

1910Flexner report reforms medicine

1910arsphenamine, the first "magic bullet"

1910discovery of thiamine (vitamin B1)
goes largely unnoticed

1910dopamine identified as an intermediary

1910discovery of beta-caryophyllene (clove oil)

Massachusetts first state to ban cannabis1911

1911idea of vitamins proposed by Funk

1911Bleuler publishes description of schizophrenia

First International Opium Convention1912

1912Goddard adds "moron" to classification system

McCreesh and Robinson: the great divide1912

19121st International Eugenics Conference

1912scientific opposition to the concept of isotopy

1912x-ray crystallography technique developed

1912Radium Ore Revigator radon water crock patented

1912-26heat production of nerve

CA: Hindoos, loco weed restricted to corns,
legal conflation, misworded Harrison Act,
prohibition goes unreported, unnoticed10 Aug 1913

1913first genetic map

CA: 1.85m cannabis arrests1913-99

1913vitamin A needed for growth/to prevent xeropthalmia

1913all dagga-smoking women are prostitutes

1913-25influence of light on rickets

USA heroin/cocaine tax: Harrison Narcotics Act1914

1914notch observed in drosophila

Goddard introduces The Criminal Imbecile1915

AMA resolves alcohol has no medical uses1916

1916hemp pulp paper process

1916–1922dietary effect in cholesterol

1917Schlichten's decorticating machine patented

1918Fisher analysis of variance method (ANOVA)

1918ergotamine first isolated by Stoll

1918Bell's study of longevity in the Hyde family

US v. Doremus and Webb et al.3 Mar 1919

1919synthesis of mescaline

USA does not join the League of Nations1919

1919characterisation of oligodendrocytes

1919-22sunlight/UV cures rickets

1919proton first observed experimentally

1920

peak British Empire1920

1920neutron's existence first predicted

UK: Dangerous Drugs Act criminalises addiction1920

1920vitamin nomenclature: A, B, and C

US federal alcohol prohibition1920–1933

late 1920scollapse of vitalism

Campbell-Willis "beer emergency" hits medical beer1921

1921discovery of insulin

South Africa: Customs and
Excise Duties Amendment Act1922

1922first human insulin injection

1922USPHS warns against using tetraethyl lead

192273 chemical elements known

1922the "discovery" of isotopes

1922vitamin D cures rickets

1922vitamins B2, E

1922Bondelswarts see first aeroplane

1922longevity studies turn from pure heredity correlation
toward biological mechanism

S Africa enacts Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Act1 Feb 1923

1923Karl Wessel's continuous decorticating/carding process patent granted

Smuts writes to the League of Nations28 Nov 1923 and
24 Apr 1924

1923glucagon hormone first discovered

Second International Opium Convention1924–5

1924vitalism unfriends preformationism

Rum War at sea1924–1936

1924Sajou's Analytic Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine
lists cannabis for 57 medical indications

1924first planned obsolescence: peak light bulb life

"the greatest protagonist of the white race"1925

1925R A Fisher calculates p in a wide variety of situations

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes signs IOC Treaty19 Feb 1925

1925ultracentrifuge device invented

1925lipids form bi-molecular layers

1925"cytochromes" named and characterized

1925-86vitamin D mediates Ca/P uptake

Germany a League of Nations member1926–1933

1926homeostasis term coined by Cannon

1926glioblastoma multiforme term coined

1926second amalgam war

1926thiamine isolated and crystallized

1926neural crest dismantles germ layer theory

1926first inkling of hormone-sensitive lipase

1926endosymbiosis in evolutionary biology proposed

1927Trevan devises LD50 test

1927Earth is 1.6 to 3 billion years old

1927Pavlov shows memory extinction

1928Ak strain transforming

1928penicillin discovered by Fleming

1928cholecystokinin hormone first identified

1928first use of "redox"

1928Entscheidungsproblem formally posed

1928horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

1928Pearl proposes rate-of-living theory linking
metabolism to lifespan

King Alexander I proclaims the 6 January Dictatorship,
suspending the constitution and dissolving parliament6 Jan 1929

first anti-drug law passed in the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes27 Jan 1929

1929high density lipoprotein

KSCS: Department of Racial, Public and
Social Hygiene set up at Ministry of People's HealthJan-Apr 1929

KSCS: IOC ratified by royal decree4 Sept 1929

1929linoleic acid characterised

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes1 Dec 1918 –
3 Oct 1929

1929discovery of ATP

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes rebranded Kingdom of Yugoslavia3 Oct 1929

1929vitamin K first identified

National Women's Alliance of the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes renamed Yugoslav Women's Alliance1929

1929discovery of electroencephalography

Yugoslav women stop demanding the vote
and return to the kitchen1929-45

1929incretin term coined

Yugoslavia: arsenic water is a
natural cure and thus not a drug1929

1929/1930essential fatty acids identified

1929-31Godel's incompleteness theorems proved

1930

KoY: first anti-drug law enters into force1 Jan 1930

1930electrophoresis technique first developed

USA: Louis Armstrong arrested for possession1930

1930discovery of c-reactive protein

Yugoslavia: 1mg cannabis consumed per capita1930

USA circus promoter and weed foe
Courtney Ryley Cooper rebrands the FBIfrom 1930

1930France: first recorded use of mescaline
in a psychiatric context

1930linoleic acid stimulated growth and prevented essential fatty acid deficiency despite a fat free diet

1930alpha-linolenic acid established as
a second essential fatty acid

1930position effect variegation

1930benzopyrene isolated from coal tar

1930NaF does not inhibit O2 uptake
in the presence of insulin lactate

1931insulin resistance concept described

1931macropinocytosis process first described

1931Nobel Prize for characterizing the "respiratory enzyme", later identified as cytochrome oxidase

1931vitamins B7, B9, C

1931type 535-A electron oscillograph

1931-32Eben Byers dies of radium poisoning,
radium-cure industry collapses

1931-33discovery, fusion using, and manufacture
of purified deuterium oxide

British Pharmacopoeia removes cannabis medicines1932

1932homeostasis theory elaborated

Yugoslav-Turkish opium export cooperation agreement formalized by National Assembly, operational January 1934Nov 1932

1932Wilks creates multivariate analysis
of variance (MANOVA)

1932first recorded nerve impulses from
single optic nerve fibers

1932vitamin D2 identified

1932neutron detected experimentally

1932water-soluble extracts of ergot, containing no ergotamine–ergotoxine type, elicit
strong uterotonic activity

USA: Hearst media smear campaign
against Mexican migrants1933

1933Neyman-Pearson lemma of
uniformly most powerful test

1933Ertl rope works in Odžaci diversify into
carpets, wool and silk fabric

1933H1N1, etiological agent of
1918 pandemic, first isolated

Virginia: state's first law on loco weedMar 1934

1934first evidence of protein structure:
X-ray crystallography photo of pepsin

1934vitamin B6 first identified

Cannabis reviewed by League of Nations1935

1935R A Fisher's tea tasting lady

28 February 1935nylon first synthesized

Ognjanović brothers licensed to
produce opium and cannabis derivativesAug 1935

J Edgar Hoover "assists" Hollywoodfrom 1935

1935x-ray photo of single insulin crystal

1935prostaglandins first discovered

1935international agreement on naming of ergonovine

1935caloric restriction promotes longevity in rats

1935-37algorithm defined/Turing machine/Turing's proof

1935-19787-dehydrocholesterol+UV makes vitamin D

1935-40tracing of deuterated fats and
cholesterol reveal dynamic metabolic flux

1936insulin resistance confirmed

1936structure of thiamine

1936etymology of cannabis

1936Metropolitan Life tables applied to longevity correlates

over KoY's Chemical Society's objections,
Macedonian cheese-makers' opiates factory
is licensed; consecrated by Orthodox bishopOct 1936

Ireland: cannabis illegal1 Apr 1937

1937mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

US Marijuana Tax Act2 Aug 1937

Moses Baca arrested 3 Oct, sentenced to
18 months for cannabis possession8 Oct 1937

1937x-ray photo of a single insulin crystal

1937blood storage record 10 days, first blood bank 1937

1937-3832P radiotracing in phospholipids

1937vitamins B3, B5, D3

1937Neyman confidence intervals

1937Hoechst (IG Farben) synthesizes methadone

1938linoleic acid essential for arachidonic acid synthesis

1938arachidonic acid confirmed essential in
the same way as linoleic acid

1938neutron therapy first used

1938"telomeres" coined by Hermann Müller

1938leukotrienes first discovered

1938first mass-produced commercially
available electron microscope

1938haemocuprin (later SOD) discovered

1938LSD first synthesised by Hofmann

1938first Drunkometer device introduced

Dec 1938reefer madness is a cultural myth and scapegoating

1939voltage in squid axons overshoots

1939discovery of saltatory conduction

1939transplanted tumours grow blood vessels

1939Bayes factor formula

1939Vojvodina: over 200 hemp mills, centre of
Yugoslavia's hemp fibre industry

1939-40Bayesian revival of Jeffreys/Savage/Lindley/de
Finetti's subjectivistic theory of probability

1939-41ATP is the universal carrier of chemical energy in cells

1940

health-centred drug liberalization in Mexico
halted by US pharmaceutical blackmail1940

murky demise of Courtney Ryley Cooper1940

1940tetrahydrocannabinol synthesised
(but not delta-9)

1940discovery of CBD

1940caloric restriction reduces tumours in mice

1940-62"golden era" of antibiotics

Kingdom of Yugoslavia3 Oct 1929 –
17 Apr 1941

1941nomenclature of "striatum"

1941"Verdoperoxidase" (later MPO)
catalyzes oxidative reactions

1941/6α/β-lipoprotein fractions identified in human serum

cannabis removed from US Pharmacopeia 12th ed.1942

1942"epigenetics" coined by Waddington

1943discovery of heparin-activated
clearing factor (later LPL)

20 April 1943first intentional LSD trip

1943DNA carries genetic information

1944-47human radiation experiments

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia joins
UN as an original member24 Oct 1945

1945almost nothing known about the biosynthesis of
any of the major types of cell constituents

1945structure of cholesterol

1945first artificially fluoridated people

1945Wilcoxon rank-sum and signed-rank tests

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia29 Nov 1943 –
29 Nov 1945

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia: monarchy abolished29 Nov 1945

1946mitochondria first isolated intact

1946 Lake Success Protocol transfers League
of Nations drug-control functions to the UN11 Dec 1946

1947Delysid for various psychiatric uses

1947tolerance to LSD

1947Mann–Whitney U test

1947McNemar test for matched pairs

1948first identified cell modulator 5-methyltryptamine

1948first epigenetic modulator 5-methylcytosine

1948Lupus Erythemarosus, the first
autoimmune cell identified

1948transposons first discovered by McClintock

1948homeostasis generalised into feedback-control
theory (Wiener, "Cybernetics")

1948-51enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation,
and oxidative phosphorylation are mitochondria

1949-56further mitochondrial enzymes localized: adenylate kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, transaminases, pyruvate carboxylase, nucleoside diphosphokinase, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, porphyrin/heme, citrulline and phospholipid synthesis,
and α-ketoglutarate substrate-level phosphorylation

1949ultracentrifuging reveals low-density lipoproteins

1949Yugoslav hemp peaks at 108,215 ha sown,
21,855 tonnes exported

1949Tukey honest significant difference (HSD)

1949LSD enters the USA

1913-late 1940stwilight of the lipid hypothesis

late 1940sOsmond takes mescaline himself,
St George's Hospital

1950

CIA experiments on prisoners and unsuspecting
citizens seek military uses of LSD without much
success, but accidentally ignite counterculture1950–67

1950Blueler's 1911 monograph appears in English

1950CIA says Yugoslavia third in world hemp production, and planned expansion

1950C G Jung postulates psychic epidemics

1950sAnglosphere compromises on OCD

USA: marijuana "becomes" a narcotic Boggs Act2 Nov 1951

1951HeLa cell line, no consent

USA-Yugoslavia Military Assistance
Agreement signed at Belgrade14 Nov 1951

1951synthesis of oxytocin

1951first low-fat/cholesterol cookbook

1951isoniazid made from leftover V2 rocket fuel

1951complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin B

1951-60nerve growth factor

1952dopamine compound first named

1952A-0 compiler system created

1952complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin A

1952-3thin-section high resolution electron
micrographs show mitochondrial ultrastructure

1952DNA heredity skeptics defeated

1953evolutionary significance of interspecies
comparisons of protein sequences, "molecularization"

1952Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA

1953AA is derived from EFAs

1953structure of DNA

1953Miller-Urey experiment first conducted

1953structure of oxytocin

1953G1, S, G2 and M cell cycle phases named

1953Borison and Wang formalise the area postrema
as the brain's chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting

1953vomiting centre localized in
the bulbar reticular formation

1954myelin spirals from Schwann cell

1954first practical breathalyser

1955FDA approves Ritalin

1955"rum fits": unethical delirium tremens experiments

1955first human insulin radioassay

1955heparin-activated clearing factor renamed to lipoprotein lipase

USA: Boggs Act penalties increased under the Narcotics Control Act1956

1956term "antipsychotic" first coined

1956Earth/meteorites 4.55 billion years old

1956lateral inhibition mechanism described

1956-60beef heart mitochondria: respiratory chain,
oxidative phosphorylation, ubiquinone,
nonheme iron, metalloflavoproteins as
redox carriers, electron-transport complexes

19573-hour oral glucose tolerance test

1957dopamine a neurotransmitter

1957first of many interferons

1957Waddington's epigenetic landscape

1957structure of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) clarified

USA-Yugoslavia mutual recognition of ship measurement certificates16 Jun 1958

1958Hartline-Ratliff equations first formulated

1958isolation and synthesis of psilocybin

1958Spinco Model 120 automatic-linked
amino acid analyser

1958Kaplan-Meier survival estimator

1959tereacycline resistant Shigella

1959first use of psilocybin in OCD

1959CBDA is an antibiotic

1959Goddard's Kallikak pedigrees in medical textbooks

1959handbook for therapeutic use of LSD-25 published

1960

California: 5155 cannabis arrestsin 1960

1950-mid 1960sover 1000 clinical reports on psychedelics

1837 prohibition on sales of alcohol
to indigenous Australians is repealedlate 1960s

1960glucagon stimulates insulin secretion in humans

1960mitochondrial ATPase a coupling factor

1960Levene test for equality of variances

1960PGE2 and PGF2α isolated
from sheep prostate glands

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs30 Mar 1961

1961Anfinsen's dogma first proposed

1961cellular senescence first described

early research on psychedelics and recidivism1961-3

1961electron microscopy of myoblasts

1961chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis proposed

1961beta-caryophyllene identified in cannabis

1961-64brown fat is thermogenic

USA: Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments to Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act following Thalidomide;
most applications to research psychedelics denied1962

19623T3-L1 cells first established

1962Cohen on Type II errors: everyone is underpowered

1962nictitating membrane response as
a neuroscience model

1962epidermal growth factor

1962oligodendrocytes secrete myelin growth factor

1962cellular differentiation is reversible

1962early ring tomograph

1962-65Altman proposes adult neurogenesis

1962-83adult neurogenesis unfashionable

Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia29 Nov 1945 –
7 Apr 1963

CA: 21931 cannabis arrests1963–5

1963microtubules, known since late 1950s, named

1963HSL better understood

1963crystalline inclusions seen in alcoholic mitochondria

1963transcription-translation coupling first observed

1963electron microscopy of neurofibrillary tangles

1963mitochondrial DNA discovered

1963Operational Taxonomic Unit

1963hematopoietic stem cells

1963structure of cannabinoid cells

1963-66poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase
(PARP) discovered

1963"autophagy" given its modern
scientific meaning

1963-72search for 1α,25-(OH)2D3

Helsinki Declaration ethics adopted1964

1964arachidonic acid is a prostaglandin precursor

SCND enters into force13 Dec 1964

1964ATP synthase seen via microscopy

1964RAS oncogene first identified

1964Vane superfusion cascade

1964rapamycin first isolated

1964analgesia and non-western attitudes to
death in terminal patients given LSD

1964Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol first isolated by Mechoulam

1964structure and synthesis of cannabigerol (CBG)

Drug Abuse and Control Amendments ban
unlicensed manufacture or sale of LSD1965

1965term "probiotics" first coined

1965complementarity THC and CBD synthesised

1965coronavirus first isolated

1965first commercial scanning electron microscope

1965IFN-γ interferon first described

1965Shapiro-Wilk normality test

Sandoz shuts down last legal source
of LSD but possession is still legal1966

1966LSD users find purpose in life

1966cannabichromene (CBC) isolated

1966deuterated chloroform the standard solvent in
1H NMR, the D2O shake routine, by mid-1960s

1966discovery of mitochondrial anion translocators

1966HOCl is the mechanism by which myeloperoxidase
(MPO) destroys bacteria and fungi in white blood cells

1966Mantel log-rank test

zero deaths, overdoses or arrests at Monterey Pop1967

1967mitochondria were bacteria once 25-30 MYA

government-propelled acid scare stories~1967

1967estrogen receptor identified

12 Aug 1967acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) defined

release of Yoder "report" by AP13 Jan 1968

1968protein kinase A discovered

United States: LSD Schedule 124 Oct 1968

1968midbrain raphe is sensitive to LSD

1969G-proteins/signal transduction concept proposed

1969SOD an enzyme

1969"Relationship between fatty acid composition and
the function of the brown fat has not been defined"

1969liver converts D3 to enzyme-D3

1969GFAP discovery reported by Lawrence Eng

1970

USA: cannabis made CSA schedule I27 Oct 1970

1970Bouma's Law first formulated

USA: mandatory minimum sentences mostly repealed1970

before 1970acyl-CoA synthase not much understood

USA: NORML founded1970

1970-71CDC genes identified, governing the cell cycle;
one, "start", controls the first step

Nixon declares "War on Cancer"1971

1971aspirin and NSAIDs shown to work
by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated
prostaglandin synthesis

1971Rosenthal catalogues 70 regional
names for hashish

1971discovery of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)

Protocol to the 1961 SCND21 Feb 1971

1971GIP is the gastric inhibitory polypeptide

UK: Misuse of Drugs Act27 May 1971

1971glial fibrillary acidic protein discovered

1971insulin receptor defined

1971myofibroblasts cell type first identified

1971modern field of angiogenesis

1971tumour growth is angiogenesis dependent

Slovenia stops alcohol sales between 4-7 a.m.24 Nov 1972

1972apoptosis christened, triggered by cancer therapies

19723D structure of insulin

1972amino acid sequences of pepsin and pepsinogens

1972binding of mu opioid receptor

1972Cox proportional hazards model

MK-ULTRA records 1953–67 destroyed31 Jan 1973

1973CD36 is a platelet integral
membrane glycoprotein (glycoprotein IV)

1973INMT enzyme first identified

1973LDL receptor first discovered

1973SH-SY5Y cell line cloned

1973dendritic cells identified

1973FAS diagnosis invented

1973-74MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line established

1973-79evidence for electron transport-linked proton pumps

CA: 103,097 cannabis arrestsin 1974

1974PGG2 and PGH2 identified,
cyclooxygenase named (as a process)

Alaska: cannabis legal on privacy grounds1975–90

1975first true transaxial PET scanner

1975tumor necrosis factor alpha discovered

1975-76antibiotic properties of THC and CBD
will be ignored for the next 32 years

US: following the accidental first discovery of THC's antineoplastic properties, Gerald Ford
defunds all public cannabis research1976

1976cyclooxygenase enzyme purified

19767th century "Tantric Cannabis Use" published

1976Lempel-Ziv complexity presented

1976prostacyclin hormone first discovered

Yugoslavia: ZPPM enters into force21 Oct 1978

1978UCP1 protein first discovered

USA: Psychotropic Substances Act amends CSA, establishes framework to influence drug
scheduling at the international level10 Nov 1978

1978MRI technology first developed

1978GIP stimulates secretion of glucagon

1978vimentin named

1979nictitating membrane response one
third faster in tripping rabbits

1979p53 tumor suppressor discovered

1979structure of, renaming SRS-A to leukotrienes

1979discovery of first sirtuin gene

1979social loafing term coined

1979prostaglandin cytoprotection against alcohol induced necrosis is independent of acid secretion inhibition

1979Efron bootstrap resampling

1980

1980monocytes cross the vessel wall
in cholesterol-fed animals

1980PSA a cancer marker

1980actual G-protein purified

early 1980snonylacridine orange to measure mitochondrial mass

prosecutions surge as Nancy Reagan's astrologer
Joan Quigley eggs on "just say no" campaign1981-89

1981elevated peritoneal thromboxane
B2 and 6-keto-PGF1α found in endometriosis

1981pluripotent stem cells

1981shotgun sequencing method developed

1981ubiquitination pathway first discovered

1981TGF-β growth factor identified

1981human mitochondrial genome fully sequenced

1982brain derived neurotrophic factor

1982CD nomenclature system established

1982interleukin-4 cytokine first identified

1982neuropeptide Y first discovered

1982cyclins, the oscillating proteins
driving mitosis, discovered

1983-86granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

1984adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein

1984lipoxins LXA4 and LXB4 identified

1984IL1-alpha and -beta distinguished

1984telomerase enzyme first discovered

India bans cannabis flowers but not leaves1985

1985B-cell lymphoma 2 identified

1985IL-4 gene first cloned

1985CXCL10 identified, originally called IP-10

1985MPO gene cloned

1985-6sequencing of Notch

DEA authorizes reschedule of synthetic THC
from Schedule I to II DEA 51 FR 17476-7813 May 1986

1986discovery of GLP-1

1986isolation of interleukin-1

1986molecular cloning of interleukin-6

1986pyroptosis phenomenon first observed

1986telomerase activity further characterized

1986first sequence of a G-protein-coupled receptor

1987GLP-1 is a physiological incretin in humans

1987interleukin-8 discovered

1987CDK drives the cell cycle
via phosphorylation of other proteins

Convention Against Illicit Traffic1988

1988CB1 receptor first characterized

1988earliest mention of FLSs on PubMed

1988"allostasis" coined as a refinement of homeostasis

Hungary: deactivation of S-1002 May 1989

1988Cohen's d benchmarks established

1989microtubule hypothesis of AD

1989mitochondrial transcription factors 1 and 2

3 Nov 1989checkpoint concept introduced, cell cycle
arrest triggered by DNA damage

1990

1990CB1 receptor and receptor gene CNR1 cloned

1990first fMRI scan performed

1990nestin gene described

1990ID1 protein identified

Convention on Psychotropic Substances29 Apr 1991

1991COX-2, the inducible
cyclooxygenase isoform, identified

1991amyloid hypothesis proposed

Slovenian independence: its national anthem
is the only one in the EU
to recommend alcohol25 June 1991

1991isolation of neural progenitor and
stem cells from adult mouse striatum

1991perilipin on adipocyte lipid droplets

1991TOR1 and TOR2 identified in yeast

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia7 Apr 1963 –
27 Apr 1992

1992INS-1 rat insulinoma cell line

1992anandamide first described and named

1992FAAH hydrolyzes anandamide

1992THC inhibits TNF-α in human and
mouse macrophages

1992age-related loss of CB1 binding
sites and mRNA in rat striatum

1993adipocyte tissue is an endocrine organ

1993the "endocannabinoidome" coined

1993CB2 receptor identified

1993discovery of NACP, aka alpha-synuclein

1993micro-RNA is essential to evolution

Slovenia ratifies ECHR8 June 1994

1994intravenous DMT trials

1994isolation of genes encoding GCPR1, 2, and 3

1994peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

1994leptin hormone first discovered

1994mTOR is the target of rapamycin in mammals

1994MPO byproducts are concentrated in
atherosclerotic lesions

19952-AG endocannabinoid first discovered

1995discovery of T-regulatory cells

1995leptin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet

1995HCC1806 squamous cell line

Alabama AG endorses death
penalty for marijuana "trafficking"1996

1996chemokine receptor pathway CXCR3 discovered

1996smad signal pathway identified

1996MitoTracker green to measure mitochondrial mass

1996thioredoxin-interacting protein first identified

1996putative human hyaluronan synthase

1996AEA is phospholipid pathway-dependent

1996cloning of FAAH

late 1990sECS established as a dual-ligand system
by 2-AG receptor binding studies

Poland: cannabis possession becomes a crime1997

1997cloning of hTERT

1997cloning of TRPV1

1997GPR18 receptor first identified

1997audioradiography of CBR distribution in brains

1997unicellular eukaryotic apoptosis

1997survivin discovered

1997glypican-5 (GPC5) characterized

1997alpha-synuclein identified as main
component of Lewy bodies

1998C. elegans the first complete multicellular genome

1998"entourage effect" coined

1998endocannabinoid system first framed
as a homeostatic regulator

1998DKK-1 protein first identified

1998RNA interference, telomerase extends
the lifespan of cells

1998human adult neurogenesis confirmed

19983D structure of tubulin

1998anandamide inhibits human
breast cancer cell proliferation

1998Δ9-THC induces apoptosis
in macrophages and lymphocytes

1998THC and CBD suppress
cytokine production by human immune cells

1998cloning of PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha

1998RNA interference mechanism discovered

1998CB1 binding, mRNA and GTPγS binding decline in aged rat basal ganglia

1998CB1 binding and mRNA reduced across
aged rat brain regions

1998first mitochondrial proteomics study published

US Government patents cannabinoids
as antioxidants and neuroprotectants19 Apr 1999

1999TRPV1 activated by endocannabinoids

DEA reschedules synthetic THC from II to III1999

1999CB1R is a 2-AG receptor

Slovenia: ZPPPD adopted14 Dec 1999

1999THC and linalool synergistically reduce
PTZ seizure severity

1999first FAAH knockout mice: no tolerance to analgesia

1999t-loops structure first visualized

1999B7-H1 (later PD-L1) cloned

late 1990send of late 60s to late 90s de facto
ban on psychedelic research

2000

ZPPPD enters into force11 Jan 2000

2000role of PPARs in autoimmunity

2000PD-L1 identified as the PD-1 ligand

2000CBD inhibits cell proliferation
in murine arthritis model

2001draft sequence of human genome

2001CB1R inhibits post-synaptic glutamate

2001Russo proposes clinical endocannabinoid deficiency, listing hyperemesis gravidarum
as a candidate

2001Van Sickle shows brainstem CB1 receptors
mediate cannabinoids' antiemetic action in ferrets

2001resistin connects obesity and T2D

Philippines: death sentence for >500g cannabisJuly 2002

2002HTC-3 is directly modulated by the ECS

2002NMDA receptors are mobile

2002three-dimensional structure of pepsin

2003efferocytosis process first described

2003ferroptosis mechanism first identified

2003GPR-119 receptor first identified

2003key role of FoxO1 in insulin resistance, obesity

2003CB receptors predate chordate

2003obesity associated with cancer death rate

2003mitochondrial proteome catalogs expand rapidly

2003Van Sickle shows THC selectively blunts
activation in the dorsal vagal complex

2004cannabis induces apoptosis in dendritic cells

2004TRPA1 chili, wasabi, and THC receptor identified

2005HU210 and AEA promote
adult hippocampal neurogenesis

2005astrogliosis "rather enigmatic"

2005GlyRs directly modulated by ECS

2005PPARs directly activated by ECS

2005real time microgliosis observed under
physiological conditions

2005THC reduces progression of atherosclerosis

2005T-helper-17 cells identified

2005CB1-knockout mice show early-onset
age-related cognitive decline

2006induced pluripotent stem cells

2006discovery of arachidonoyl L-serine

2006discovery of nesfatin-1

2005end of Iletin II

2006GPR-18 and GPR-119 activated by endocannabinoids

2006GPR-55 activated by ECS

2006molecular events/external stimuli controlling adipogenesis unknown

2006-7Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc

Mauritania enforces 1981 ban on slavery2007

2007crystal structure of β2 andrenergic receptor

200712,13-diHOME identified in mice

2007-12HMP characterisation of the gut microbiome

2007Human Microbiome Project established

2007myeloid-derived myeloid-derived suppressor cells

2007G*Power 3 software released

2008cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) identified as
a selective COX-2 inhibitor

2008cannabinoids induce T-regulatory cells

2008rediscovery of cannabinoids' potent
antibacterial activity against MRSA

2008beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid

2008opposing actions of CBs and
ethanol on GABA release via PKA

2008term "lipokine" coined

2008MitoCarta: most complete
mitochondrial protein catalog

2008/9lactate identified as the ligand of GPR81,
renamed HCAR1

UK "reclassifies" cannabis, maximum for
possession now 5 yearsJan 2009

2009first 3D organoid from a single adult stem cell

2010

2010THC mobilises MDSCs

2010≥25 BMI five times less likely
in daily cannabis users

2011six major cannabinoids (THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA) screened for COX-1/COX-2
inhibition, found weak and largely non-selective

20112-AG acts on GABAA

2011discovery of sesquicannabigerol (sesqui-CBG)

2011neuronal loss via GABAergic neurons in Cnr1-/- mice

2011action mode network

2011fecal transplants control impulsivity in mice

2011Seligman's PERMA wellbeing model
published in Flourish

Canada lifts ban on
shipping wine across provincial borders2012

2012CBD promotes SIRT1 mediated longevity

2012glymphatic system recognised

2012NIH publishes reference human microbiome

2012review of the endocannabinoid system in
normal and pathological brain ageing

2012"ferroptosis" term coined

2012cannabinoids suppress inflammatory/neuropathic
pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors

2013amplicon sequence variants improve on OTUs

2013birth of "cannabis use disorder"

2013brain organoids first grown

2013first investigation of endocannabinoids in CSF

2013nine biological markers of aging

2013PTSD patients long on CBRs, short on ECs

2013live-cell mapping of mitochondrial matrix proteome

Slovenia: cannabis available on prescription2014

2014CBD found to be sebostatic

2014shoulder dystocia "enigmatic"

2014ferroptosis is centred on GPX4

2014CB1R links hunger and
increased smell perception in the brain

2014BCP produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like
effects via CB2 without CB1 binding

2015toxicological threshold of
THC 114x > alcohol using MOE

2015fatty-acid-binding proteins are
intracellular carriers for CBD and THC

2015ECS involved in "runner's high"

2015first research linking psychedelics
and glycemic control

2015Cochrane review confirms cannabinoids
as a useful adjunct for refractory chemotherapy-induced vomiting

Leipzig, Germany: court grants first
patient right to grow (for MS)6 Apr 2016

2016leptin:ghrelin and acyl:desacyl ghrelin ratios in obesity

2016at least 113 phytogenic cannabinoids identified

California opens first US cannabis-conviction expungement process8 Nov 2016

2016-20LDL-C hypothesis is broken

Poland: medical cannabis legalised2017

2017hyposmia, parosmia and phantosmia defined

Slovenia cannabis moved from Group I to II8 Apr 2017

2017VEGF an antiangiogenic drug target in a dozen sites

2017Δ9-THC restores cognitive function in old mice

Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission launches first US Social Equity Program28 Jun 2018

Canada: recreational cannabis legal17 Oct 2018

2018diabetes markers and the DMN

2018supra-additive effects of combining
fat and carbohydrate on food reward

2018fluoxetine (Prozac) makes E. coli
multi-drug resistant

2018-23end of learned vocalization
evolutionary convergence hypothesis

2018term "ontological shock" appears

Canada deregulates cannabis retail, edibles17 Oct 2019

2019germ cell pattern of ECS expression,
CB2R presence in human spermatogonia

2019cannabis use associated with decreased
H. pylori seropositivity and ulcer complications

2019Netherlands has the EU's lowest
antibiotic consumption

2020

Slovenia: foreigner plundered28 Sep 2020

2020cannabis at Tel Arad

Slovenia: Ptuj ODT discovers ECS29 Oct 2020

2020THC attenuates threat-related corticolimbic activity

UNODC realises weed isn't heroin2 Dec 2020

2020Yale: happiness a "positive side effect" of cannabis

LSD decriminalised in Oregon, psilocybin in DC2020

2020CBD sebostasis is via GPR-119

2020-presentrole of ECS and CaPs in Covid

2020CB2 agonism drives p62-mediated Nrf2
deactivation via autophagy

2020GDF15 has roles in diabetes, cardiovascular
disease and its downstream signaling pathways

death penalty possible for cannabis in
USA/China/Malaysia/Singapore/Iran/Saudi Arabia/Egypt + "other Middle East,
African, and Asian countries"2021

2021CD68+ plaque area correlated with microbiome

Morocco legalises production for medical useMarch 2021

2021cryptochrome 4 is magnetically sensitive in robins

New York State legalises adult cannabis31 Mar 2021

cannabis removed from SCND Sch. IV21 Apr 2021

2021doubts about deuterostome clade

2021400 known terpenes in cannabis

2021~19 more microbiome genes/unit of BMI reduced

2021antimicrobial action of CBD in
gram-positive bacteria confirmed

2021cannabinoids' modus operandi makes
antibiotic resistance nearly impossible to evolve

2021cannabinoids effective against a wide sweep
of priority resistant bacterial strains

Thailand: "medical" cannabis legal with neon signsMarch 2022

2022over 180 known phytocannabinoids

Missouri voters approve recreational marijuanaNov 2022

2022RM and MM laws hit pharma stock values

2022cortical CB1 binding declines in aged
rats despite preserved GTPγS coupling

2022human PET shows age-related CB1 decline in
pallidum, cerebellum and posterior cingulate

2022review of endocannabinoid system changes
across the lifespan

2022German survey: cannabis users report higher
hyperemesis symptom relief than prescription-antiemetic users

Missouri: recreational sales commenceFeb 2023

2023GIP lowers body weight and food intake via GABAergic GIPR neurons

Hong Kong criminalizes CBD: possession HK$1m+7
years and manufacture/import life imprisonment2023

2023Alzheimer's transferred from
human to rat via microbiota

Australia legalises therapeutic psychedelics1 Jul 2023

2023apoptotic factors are evolutionarily
conserved since mitochondrial domestication

Australia reschedules psilocybin and
MDMA for PTSD and depression1 Jul 2023

Morocco: 55,000 ha cultivated illegally in 2019
vs. 27,000 ha cultivated legally in 2023/42023

2023twelve biological markers of aging

2023THC stimulates glycolysis in only
unprimed embryonic stem cells

202312-14% across 36 countries
addicted to ultra-processed foods

2023Fejzo identifies GDF15 as the causal
hormone driving hyperemesis gravidarum

Germany legalises home cannabis cultivation1 Apr 2024

by mid-2024Human Pangenome Project to
sequence 350 complete individuals

2024direct effect of AEA in inflammation
resolution pathways in macrophages

South Africa: legalisation lite28 May 2024

202419% less cognitive decline in lifetime cannabis users

Manitoba: homegrow ban repealed in Manitoba3 Jun 2024

2024arachidonic acid-derived diols impact
ASD symptom severity

Slovenia referendum:
medical cannabis 66.71% (462,292-230,724), recreational 51.57% (356,944-335,183)9 Jun 2024

Brazil: Supreme Court showdown with
the executive over decriminalisation25 Jun 2024

2024cannabis prevents oxidation of LDL via TRPV1, TRPV4 and GPR-55

2024cannabis users show 84% lower odds of
Covid-19 death

2024beta-caryophyllene inhibits MAGL, raises 2-AG,
and relieves postsurgical hyperalgesia in rats

2024pro-cognitive and anti-aging effects of
THC are via mTOR

2024psychedelic use induces sympathovagal coactivation

2024Uganda: sick chimpanzees successfully self-medicate

2024Lesotho: first documented traditional use of
psilocybin in Africa

New York: bill to decriminalise all possession2025

2025"researchers discover" psychedelics users find
more meaning in life

Colombia: President calls for cannabis legalisation2025

2025antibiotic resistant microbes are everywhere

legalized states collect over $4.57bn cannabis
tax revenue from adult-use sales2025

Colorado: first psilocybin business licencesFeb 2025

2025astrocytic CB1R dampens
stress-induced BBB alterations

Colorado: mass pardons for psilocybin/psilocin2025

202579 polyphenols in cannabis

Czechia: cannabis legalisation announced30 May 2025

New Zealand: first prescribed psilocybinJune 2025

2025CBD, CBG, and CBN block Nav1.8

Florida: bans fluoridating people1 Jul 2025

2025hemifusomes mediated by
42-nm proteolipid nanodroplet

Slovenia: medical cannabis can be
prescribed for any condition20 Aug 2025

2025HGP reference set reaches ~500 genomes mid-2025

Spain: hospital specialists can prescribe weedOct 2025

2025antidepressants, beta-blockers, anxiety medications
disrupt gut ecosystems for years

USA: psychedelics bills in nearly 30 states2025

2025psilocybin (psilocin) extends cellular
lifespan and improves survival of aged mice

2025psychedelics upregulate glycolytic
metabolism via FOXK2

2025UK Biobank studies show lifetime cannabis use associated with higher cognitive performance and increased volumes of CB1R-rich brain
regions in humans

2025NAD+-dependent amyloid and tau aging is reversible

2025cannabis and psychedelics decrease Tau phosphorylation, alcohol, stimulants and
dissociatives increase it

2025mapping of hematopoiesis

Czechia legalises recreational + cultivation1 Jan 2026

2026Southern Africa: Psilocybe ohraceocentrata
is the closest wild relative of P cubensis

Denmark: medical cannabis framework1 Jan 2026

2026massive effect of exogenous cannabinoids on MPO

Massachusetts legalises recreational cannabis1 Jan 2026

2026CBD neuronal repair after TBI is via
a SET/PP2A/Akt signaling axis

Slovenia: incoming Health Minister Tadej Ostrc declares alcohol is a kind of food for Slovenians26 May 2026

2026THC and chronic cannabis use normalise
cognitive timing deficits in bipolar disorder

2026beta-caryophyllene and cannabichromene synergistically kill TNBC cells

2026beta-caryophyllene has mixed
effects on LPS-stimulated bovine PBMC cytokines: raises TNF-alpha and IL-1, lowers IL-6 and IL-10

2026multi-ancestry GWAS confirms GDF15/GFRAL as
the strongest genetic driver of hyperemesis gravidarum

10 Jun 2026USA: 6.9% less sick leave in MM states

13 Jul 2026psychedelic destabilization-reorganization proposed as general mechanism of psychiatric healing

6 Aug 2026first UK RCT of psilocybin for
depression with a true placebo

19 Aug 2026half of psychedelic-naive subjects rate trip
the most meaningful experience of their lives;
become one with the MRI machine

22 Aug 2026the autistic brain responds differently
to low doses of psilocybin

psychedelic "interventions" and so on2026

2026CBDA improves brain insulin-signalling pathway protein expression